|
Get AfricaFocus Bulletin by e-mail!
Format for print or mobile
Kenya: Pre-election Commentaries, 1
AfricaFocus Bulletin
July 24, 2017 (170724)
(Reposted from sources cited below)
Editor's Note
"Like Nairobi's infamous matatus, the election is barreling along, many times on the
wrong side of the law, the noise and vitriol of the campaigns drowning out common
sense. For the terrified passengers, whether they -- and Kenya -- arrive at the other
side in one piece seems to be coming down to a wing and a prayer." - Patrick Gathara
Major global media will likely not pay much attention to the August 8 election until
a few days before. But coverage and speculation is intense in the Kenyan press and
social media, as well as among other observers of African politics who recognize its
critical importance not only for Kenya but for the East African region and for
democracy on the African continent.
This AfricaFocus Bulletin contains two commentaries focused on the election more
generally, and one highlighting the devastating East African drought, the inescapable
background to the August 8 election despite the lack of international attention to
this massive humanitarian crisis.
Another AfricaFocus sent out today (and available on the web at
http://www.africafocus.org/docs17/ken1707b.php) contains three short commentaries
highlighting the continued obstacles facing the participation of Kenyan women in
politics, as well as one focusing on the impact of "devolution" in expanding the
levels of political contestation to six: "a member of the county assembly (MCA), a
women's representative, an MP, a senator, a governor, and a president."
For detailed news coverage, AfricaFocus suggests a custom google search of Kenya-based
web sites using the words "Kenya elections 2017 site:.ke" as well as two other
news sites aggregating content from different sources: http://allafrica.com/kenya and
http://www.tuko.co.ke
Another recent article of interest is:
"Kenya is set to hold one of the most expensive elections in Africa," by Abdi Latif
Dahir, Quartz Africa, July 18, 2017
http://tinyurl.com/y8s6dysb
The Kenyan Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) is on-line,
with increased computer capacity and availability to check registration and other details, at
https://www.iebc.or.ke/.
And there is an extensive analysis of the demographics of the expanded voter roll for
the current elections, from DataScience LTD, available at
http://tinyurl.com/yamygvsj
For previous AfricaFocus Bulletins on Kenya, visit
http://www.africafocus.org/country/kenya.php
++++++++++++++++++++++end editor's note+++++++++++++++++]
Why Kenya's upcoming elections should worry the world
By Patrick Gathara
Washington Post Global Opinions, July 21, 2017
http://tinyurl.com/ycvy9cp5
[Patrick Gathara is a strategic communications consultant, writer and award-winning
political cartoonist in Kenya.]
Driving in Kenya's capital, Nairobi, can be a nightmare. Not only is one prone to
spending endless hours in traffic jams, but also the roads are menaced by brilliantly
colored, insanely driven, hulking deathtraps that pass for the city's public
transport system. Terrifyingly oblivious to the dangers they pose to both their
passengers and other road users, the matatus -- as the beasts are called -- are a
perfect metaphor for Kenya as it hurtles toward elections next month.
With three weeks to go, domestic and international observers are concerned with
whether the polls will be peaceful and fair. Kenya is still haunted by the the postelection
violence of a decade ago, in which at least 1,300 people died and more than
600,000 were displaced from their homes. Many are fearful of a repeat of violence if
the credibility of the election is in doubt, as it was in 2007.
There is good reason to worry. Just like in 2007, the campaigns of incumbent
President Uhuru Kenyatta and his main challenger, Raila Odinga, have deeply polarized
Kenya along ethnic lines; the nation is split down the middle, with polls showing the
race tightening as election day approaches. Across the country, there are reports of
people moving their families away from ethnically mixed neighborhoods in areas
anticipated to be flashpoints of violence, and into tribal enclaves where there is
safety in numbers. David Ndii, one of the country's top economists, says flights out
of the country on dates surrounding the election are already fully booked.
More disconcerting has been the impugning of the impartiality of the judiciary. In
2007, the opposition refused to entrust the electoral dispute to the courts,
providing the spark for the violence. Alongside its poor handling of the 2013
petition against Kenyatta's election, the judiciary has had to endure continuing
allegations of corruption. Public infighting has broken out within the Supreme Court,
which was specifically established in the aftermath of the 2008 violence to deal with
electoral disputes. Now, the opposition has already declared that if it suspects the
election to be rigged, it would not be returning to the courts, as it did in 2013.
Many fear that this is code for a resort to street protests that may potentially
degenerate to violence.
The real fuel for the fire in 2007 was the unresolved legacy of the country's
colonial past, which manifests in the form of land conflicts and massive class and
regional inequalities. By the time of independence from Britain in 1963, about 60,000
European settlers owned half of all agricultural land in Kenya. Since then,
successive kleptocratic governments have preferred to concentrate these areas in the
hands of a small elite, further exacerbating land hunger as the population has grown
ninefold. This, in turn, has led to the huge wealth disparities with one report
showing 62 percent of the country's wealth being owned by just 0.02 percent of the
population. The recommendations of a Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission,
which was meant to help Kenya heal from history, have remained unimplemented; the
report itself is gathering dust in Parliament.
The conduct of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) has been a
cause for serious concern. One study concluded that "preparations thus far have been
plagued by several of the same problems that marred the last election cycle,
suggesting a dearth of lessons learned." Time and again, the IEBC has been chastised
by the courts over its arrangements for the elections, most recently in cases
concerning the finality of vote counts at the county level and its procurement of
ballot papers (the latter case was recently overturned on appeal). Worse is the lack
of transparency that has characterized the IEBC planning. IEBC finally agreed to
provide public access to the registry of voters -- after a questionable audit
process. Even at this late stage, there remains little clarity on what "complementary
mechanism" the IEBC plans to deploy if electronic and biometric systems -- required
for identifying voters and transmitting results from polling stations -- fail as they
did in 2013.
Perhaps most damaging to the IEBC's credibility has been the perception that it is
doing the incumbent's bidding. This is reinforced by the near-identical positions the
IEBC and the governing Jubilee Party have taken on almost every issue, sometimes
resulting in party spokesmen purporting to speak for the elections body as well. As
far as electoral abuses, the IEBC has been quiet on a series of TV commercials paid
for by The President's Delivery Unit, which clearly violate the legal prohibition
against the government either advertising its achievements during the campaign period
or using public resources to campaign for a particular candidate.
Like Nairobi's infamous matatus, the election is barreling along, many times on the
wrong side of the law, the noise and vitriol of the campaigns drowning out common
sense. For the terrified passengers, whether they -- and Kenya -- arrive at the other
side in one piece seems to be coming down to a wing and a prayer.
Kenyatta or Odinga? Why dynastic politics is alive and well in Kenya
by Nic Cheeseman, Professor of Democracy, University of Birmingham
The Conversation, July 11, 2017
http://theconversation.com � Direct URL: http://tinyurl.com/y8vadsw5
Kenya's general election will be contested by a large number of hopefuls, but in
reality it's a two-horse race between Raila Odinga of the National Super Alliance and
Uhuru Kenyatta of the Jubilee Party.
Unsurprisingly in a country in which the executive continues to wield a dominant
influence, coverage of the campaign has focused on the personalities and records of
Odinga and Kenyatta.
What does their candidacy tell us about Kenyan politics in 2017?
The first and most obvious lesson from the 2017 election campaign is that dynastic
politics is alive and well in Kenya. Despite all of the contestation, efforts and
plotting of rival leaders hoping to push their own ambitions, 2017 will be fought
between a Kenyatta and an Odinga, just like the elections of 2013 and the Little
General Election of 1966.
Rivals in the Kenya election Uhuru Kenyatta (left)
and Raila Odinga. Reuters/Thomas Mukoya
The second is that ethnicity only gets you so far. In 2013, Odinga outperformed rival
presidential candidate Musalia Mudavadi within his own Luhya community. This was
possible because while Odinga was seen to be a credible opposition leader, Mudavadi's
dalliance with Kenyatta � with whom he formed an extremely short-lived alliance �
raised concerns that he was a State House puppet. Kenyatta's recent rehabilitation as
the dominant leader among the Kikuyu community following his electoral humiliation in
2002 also demonstrates this point well.
So who are the two leading contenders?
Odinga, the opposition stalwart
Raila Odinga is the son of Oginga Odinga, a prominent independence leader and Kenya's
first vice president who never realised his dream of occupying State House. Like his
father, Raila has campaigned tirelessly against considerable odds, and has so far
been unsuccessful. He narrowly lost elections in 2007 � when many believe he was
rigged out � and in 2013.
Odinga's great ability is to be able to mobilise well beyond his own Luo community,
and to sustain his political party � the Orange Democratic Movement for a decade.
Given that most Kenyan parties collapse within a few years, this is some achievement.
The breadth of Odinga's support base is also impressive. In 2013 he performed well
among Luhya voters in Western Kenya, Kamba voters in Eastern Kenya and also at the
Coast.
Odinga's capacity to mobilise support across ethnic lines has two sources. On the one
hand, he receives some votes "second hand" as a result of the efforts of his allies
from other regions and ethnic groups to direct rally their communities to his cause.
On the other hand, he's built a strong reputation for representing historically
economically and politically marginalised communities. Indeed, while he has never
secured the presidency, he has contributed to political reform. Most notably, Odinga
played an important role in bringing about constitutional reform in 2010 that
introduced devolution and hence a degree of self-government for the groups in his
coalition.
Kenyatta, born to power
In contrast to Odinga, Uhuru was born into power as the son of the country's first
president, Jomo Kenyatta, and secured the presidency in the 2013 general election
having previously failed to do so in 2002.
Kenyatta's supporters like to say that he was born in State House, and hence born to
power, although this is not actually true. But it is true that he has spent his life
close to the machinery of government, and his family's political influence and wealth
give him a clear advantage in the elections. His gift is to be able to look and sound
presidential when he has an important speech to make, despite his playboy lifestyle.
Although it's tempting to see Kenyatta's rise to power as inevitable, this is not the
case. In 2002, he failed to mobilise support among his own community because he had
been selected by the outgoing Kalenjin President Daniel arap Moi to be his successor.
He was then widely seen to be a proxy for Moi's interests. At that point, his
political career appeared to be over.
It was not until Kenyatta developed a reputation for defending Kikuyu interests by
allegedly funding and organising militias in the violence that engulfed the 2007
elections that he emerged as the dominant figure within the Central Province. It is
for this alleged role that he faced charges (that were subsequently dropped) of
crimes against humanity at the International Criminal Court. This, and his electoral
alliance with his co-accused � the influential Kalenjin leader William Ruto � were
critical factors in his victory in 2013.
The 2017 race
During the campaign Kenyatta and Odinga have been a study in contrasts.
While Odinga stresses his intention to shake things up, Kenyatta presents himself as
a safe pair of hands who will protect the status quo.
While Odinga plays up his image as the representative of the excluded, promising to
deepen devolution and invest in poorer areas, Kenyatta emphasises building a national
infrastructure and maintaining economic growth, arguing that the gains of the rich
will trickle down to benefit all Kenyans in time.
These images are further entrenched by the criticisms that each leader makes of the
other. Jubilee caricatures Odinga as an unprincipled thug who cannot be trusted with
the fine art of government. For its part, the National Super Alliance charges that
Kenyatta is out of touch and only interested in serving the interests of the wealthy
within his own community.
Some complain that these differences are more rhetorical than real, one thing is
clear. In fact Kenyans have a real choice to make at the ballot box.
Election outlook
The greater resources available to Kenyatta, along with the more professional team
around him, mean that the opposition faces an uphill battle. Moreover, government
interference with the media � which is regularly intimidated � means that while
election reportage is vibrant some of the stories that would most hurt the government
don't make it on to the front pages.
It's therefore not surprising that, at the time of writing, Kenyatta enjoys a small
but significant lead in the polls. A series of surveys conducted by different
companies using different samples have put him on around 48% of the vote, with Odinga
on around 43%. These polls suggest that about 8% of Kenyans remain undecided. This
suggests that Raila can still win, but to do so he will have to capture the vast
majority of "floating voters" in the last month of campaigning.
However, if undecided voters divide equally between the two main candidates, Kenyatta
looks set to end up on something like 52% � surpassing the 50%+1 threshold for a
first round win � with Odinga on 47%.
Given this, the record of no sitting Kenyan president ever having lost an election
may survive for a while yet, despite the momentum behind the opposition. Although the
country has made real democratic strides with its new constitution, the advantages of
incumbency remain formidable.
East Africa's Poor Rains: Hunger Worsened, Crops Scorched, Livestock Dead
By IPS World Desk
IPS News, July 19, 2017
http://tinyurl.com/y76xrtxq
Rome, Jul 19 2017 (IPS) - Poor rains across East Africa have worsened hunger and left
crops scorched, pastures dry and thousands of livestock dead, the United Nations food
and agriculture agency has warned in a new alert.
The most affected areas, which received less than half of their normal seasonal
rainfall, are central and southern Somalia, South-Eastern Ethiopia, northern and
eastern Kenya, northern Tanzania and north-eastern and South-Western Uganda,
according to a new alert by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
The alert, issued on 14 July by FAO's Global Information and Early Warning System
(GIEWS), warns that the third consecutive failed rainy season has seriously eroded
families' resilience, and urgent and effective livelihood support is required.
"We can prevent people dying from famine but if we do not scale up our efforts to
save, protect and invest in rural livelihoods, tens of millions will remain severely
food insecure." � FAO chief
"This is the third season in a row that families have had to endure failed rains �
they are simply running out of ways to cope," said FAO's Director of Emergencies
Dominique Burgeon. "Support is needed now before the situation rapidly deteriorates
further."
Increasing Humanitarian Need
The number of people in need of humanitarian assistance in the five aforementioned
countries, currently estimated at about 16 million, has increased by about 30 per
cent since late 2016. In Somalia, almost half of the total population is food
insecure, the UN specialised body reported.
Timely humanitarian assistance has averted famine so far but must be sustained.
Conditions across the region are expected to further deteriorate in the coming months
with the onset of the dry season and an anticipated early start of the lean season,
it added.
The food security situation for pastoralists is of particular concern, in Ethiopia,
Kenya and Somalia, where animal mortality rates are high and milk production from the
surviving animals has declined sharply with negative consequences on food security
and nutrition, FAO warned.
"When we know how critical milk is for the healthy development of children aged under
five, and the irreversible damage its lack can create, it is evident that supporting
pastoralists going through this drought is essential," said Burgeon.
Poor Crop Prospects
On this, FAO provides the following detailed information:
In several cropping areas across the region, poor rains have caused sharp reductions
in planting, and wilting of crops currently being harvested. Despite some late
rainfall in May, damage to crops is irreversible.
In addition, fall armyworm, which has caused extensive damage to maize crops in
southern Africa, has spread to the east and has worsened the situation. In Kenya, the
pest has so far affected about 200 000 hectares of crops, and in Uganda more than
half the country's 111 districts are affected.
In Somalia there are unfavourable prospects for this year's main gu crops, after the
gu rains were late with poor rainfall and erratic distribution over most areas of the
country.
In Ethiopia, unfavourable belg rains in southern cropping areas are likely to result
in localized cereal production shortfalls. Drought is also affecting yields in
Kenya's central, Southeastern and coastal areas.
In Tanzania, unfavourable rains are likely to result in localized cereal production
shortfalls in northern and central areas; while in Uganda there are unfavourable
production prospects are unfavourable for first season crops in the Southwestern and
northern districts.
108 Million People Face Severe Acute Food Insecurity
Meanwhile, despite international efforts to address food insecurity, around 108
million people living in 48 food-crisis countries were at high risk of or already
facing severe acute food insecurity in 2016, a dramatic increase compared with 80
million in 2015, according to a new global report on food crises released on 31 March
in Brussels.
The report, whose compilation required integrating several measurement methodologies,
represents a new and politically innovative collaboration between the European Union
(EU) and USAID/FEWSNET, regional food security institutions together with UN agencies
including the FAO, the World Food Programme (WFP) and the UN Children's Fund
(UNICEF).
"The dramatic increase reflects the trouble people have in producing and accessing
food due to conflict, record-high food prices in local markets in affected countries
and extreme weather conditions such drought and erratic rainfall caused by El Niño. "
Civil conflict is the driving factor in nine of the 10 worst humanitarian crises,
underscoring the strong linkage between peace and food security, says the Global
Report on Food Crises 2017.
By joining forces to deliver neutral analytical insights drawn from multiple
institutions, the report � to be issued annually � enables better-informed planning
decisions to respond to food crises in a more timely, global and coordinated way.
"This report highlights the critical need for prompt and targeted action to
effectively respond to the food crises and to address their root causes. The EU has
taken leadership in this response. In 2016, we allocated � 550 million already,
followed by another � 165 million that we have just mobilized to assist the people
affected by famine and drought in the Horn of Africa," said Neven Mimica, EU
Commissioner for International Cooperation and Development.
"The report is the outcome of a joint effort and a concrete follow-up to the
commitments the EU made at the World Humanitarian Summit in Istanbul, which
identified the urgent need for transparent, independent but consensus-based analysis
of crises," added Christos Stylianides, Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid and Crisis
Management.
Most Critical Situations Worsening
This year, the demand for humanitarian and resilience building assistance will
further escalate as four countries are at risk of famine: South Sudan, Somalia, Yemen
and northeast Nigeria, the report warns.
"The cost in human and resource terms only increases if we let situations
deteriorate," said FAO Director-General José Graziano da Silva. "We can prevent
people dying from famine but if we do not scale up our efforts to save, protect and
invest in rural livelihoods, tens of millions will remain severely food insecure."
"The numbers tell a deeply worrying story with more than 100 million people severely
food-insecure, a level of suffering which is driven by conflict and climate change.
Hunger exacerbates crisis, creating ever-greater instability and insecurity. What is
a food security challenge today becomes tomorrow's security challenge," said Ertharin
Cousin, Executive Director of the World Food Programme.
"It is a race against time � the world must act now to save the lives and livelihoods
of the millions at the brink of starvation."
The 108 million people reported to be facing severe food insecurity in 2016 represent
those suffering from higher-than-usual acute malnutrition and a broad lack of
minimally adequate food even with external assistance.
This includes households that can cope with their minimum food needs only by
depleting seeds, livestock and agricultural assets needed to produce food in the
future, the report adds.
"Without robust and sustained action, people struggling with severe food insecurity
risk slipping into an even worse situation and eventual starvation."
AfricaFocus Bulletin is an independent electronic publication providing reposted
commentary and analysis on African issues, with a particular focus on U.S. and
international policies. AfricaFocus Bulletin is edited by William Minter.
AfricaFocus Bulletin can be reached at [email protected]. Please write to this
address to suggest material for inclusion. For more information about reposted
material, please contact directly the original source mentioned. For a full archive
and other resources, see http://www.africafocus.org
|
