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Africa: American Assembly, 2
Africa: American Assembly, 2
Date distributed (ymd): 970506
Document reposted by APIC
Africa and U.S. National Interests
American Assembly
March 13-16, 1997
The American Assembly, 475 Riverside Drive, Room 456, New York, NY 10115;
phone: 212 870 3500; fax: 212 870 3555; Email: [email protected];
web: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/amassembly/.
(continued from part 1)
POLITICAL INTERESTS AND POLICY
Real progress toward democracy has occurred in many countries (e.g.,
Benin, Botswana, Eritrea, Ghana, Mali, Namibia, and South Africa), all
of which should be applauded for their achievements. However, this progress
often remains fragile. In many other countries (e.g., Zambia, Burundi,
Niger, and the Central African Republic), there has been backsliding, military
coups, or persistent authoritarian regimes that resist the forces of change
that are occurring globally. Therefore, two primary approaches are recommended
for U.S. policy to promote good governance, democracy, and human rights.
The first relates to strategies for fostering open political systems. The
second relates to policies toward the "giants in crisis" (Zaire,
Nigeria, and Sudan).
Democratization and Good Governance
U.S. support for democratization in Africa since 1990, through the programs
of the USAID, USIA, and the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), has
been of great value to the process of political change, especially in the
important area of free and fair elections. The U.S. should continue to
coordinate with other bilateral and multilateral donors in supporting the
positive trend toward democratization on the continent through in-country
policy dialogue and specific program activities. Such coordination emphasizes
the universality of democratic principles.
As the democratic process in many African countries advances, U.S. programs
should emphasize the building of capacity and competence of state institutions,
such as legislative bodies, justice systems, the civil service, the police,
and the military. T[t]he emphasis should be on limited and accountable
government that has the capabilities and professionalism to deal with the
critical issues of diversity and pluralism, the rule of law, the efficient
provision of public services, the maintenance of order according to democratic
practices that respect human rights, and the development of systems to
prevent bribery and corruption. Militaries should be professionalized so
that they are under the strict control of elected civilian governments
and are loyal to constitutional order rather than to particular groups
or factions in society. Building state capacity also includes creating
the regulatory environment for economic growth and development under the
rule of law.
In the area of human rights, all African states have adopted the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights and associated covenants, and have ratified
the International Labor Organization conventions on workers' rights. There
is agreement within the international community on what constitutes human
rights violations and how to measure them. Most of these principles have
also been enshrined in the African Charter for Peoples and Human Rights.
The United States should support African states in fulfilling their obligations
under these international and regional agreements.
An essential component of promoting democracy and human rights is the
strengthening of African civil society. Particular attention should be
directed toward the women's organizations; human rights groups; the media;
independent research, advocacy, and policy institutions; and academic institutions.
There are three critical approaches to strengthening civil society.
- First, the United States should increase its activities with African
governments to create an environment that is conducive to civil institutions.
- Second, the United States should continue to encourage linkages between
U.S. civil institutions and their counterparts in Africa.
- Third, the United States should direct increased resources to support
African non-governmental organizations (NGOs) .
Giants in Crisis
Three large countries--Nigeria, Zaire, and Sudan--face serious crises
that can repercussions far beyond their borders. We believe that a false
choice has been presented for U.S. policy with respect to Nigeria and Sudan,
namely that the United States must choose between isolation and engagement.
Instead, we believe that a three-pronged effective policy approach toward
both countries must involve government-to-government dialogue, aid to democracy
advocates and civil society, and the application of sanctions and other
forms of pressure. There should be an integrated, nuanced, and flexible
policy that is responsive to events on the ground. We also believe greater
attention should be given to Nigeria, where there is still time for preventive
diplomacy, and that regional efforts to bring peace to Sudan should be
supported.
With respect to Zaire, the largest failed state in Africa, U.S. policy
should aim at encouraging an exit for the old regime and facilitating the
emergence of a legitimate government, thereby decreasing violence and minimizing
loss of life. The United States should be prepared to support international
intervention, if necessary, in order to prevent large-scale human suffering
and loss of life.
SECURITY ISSUES
In recent years, Africa has been the theater of some of the world's
most persistent conflicts. A number of long-standing civil conflicts have
been resolved since 1990, thanks to the vigorous diplomatic and military
interventions of a variety of actors. The United States has contributed
in various ways to many humanitarian and peacekeeping efforts. As most
African countries transition to democratic political systems, the causes
of violent conflict are diminishing. Nevertheless, some countries continue
to be mired in corrupt and authoritarian regimes, and are deeply stressed.
Instability in these countries threatens neighbors as well as prospects
for development, and inevitably impacts resident U.S. citizens, property,
and investments. Preserving and enhancing security in Africa should therefore
be a high priority for U.S. policy, in order to consolidate economic and
political gains and to protect American interests.
Preventive Diplomacy--Often, the United States has been unprepared and
unwilling to deal in a timely way with serious crises in Africa. The United
States needs to emphasize preventive diplomacy as a central part of its
policy. This involves 1) strengthening U.S. information collection capabilities;
2) strengthening U.S. ability to analyze the data collected; and, most
critically, 3) strengthening U.S. political will to act. Preventive diplomacy
saves lives, saves money, and reduces the need for military intervention.
For example, roughly as much (approximately $700 million) was spent in
Rwanda in the eighteen months following the genocidal violence in 1994,
as was spent that year in total bilateral development assistance in sub-Saharan
Africa.
The United Nations--The United Nations has been the primary actor in
peacekeeping in Africa for more than three decades. To enable the organization
to continue this role, which is highly cost-effective for the United States,
the United States must take action to pay its arrears and assessments to
the UN and to all agencies of the UN system.
African Conflict Management Initiatives--The Organization for African
Unity (OAU) and several subregional groupings have taken significant initiatives
in the area of conflict prevention, management, and resolution. African
leaders have demonstrated a growing political will to invest in conflict
management activities with the cooperation of civil society, the United
Nations, and other actors in the international community. The United States
should continue to support such initiatives on a sustainable basis through
the allocation of resources, the provision of technical assistance, and
the encouragement of close UN support for African peacekeeping and conflict
resolution initiatives. The United States should also increase its efforts
to address the mounting crisis of internal displacement and the massive
flow of refugees across state borders.
African Military Professionalism--Stability and security in Africa will
depend to a great extent on the professionalism and commitment to democracy
of African military establishments. The most important effort t[T]he United
States can make is to encourage civilian control of Africa's militaries.
The United States is playing an important supporting role through the Expanded
Military Education and Training (IMET) program to assist African officials
charged with oversight of the military, and to facilitate dialogue between
African military, civilian officials, and civil society organizations.
The United States further supports the professionalization of African militaries
through regular contacts between U.S. military personnel and their African
counterparts, including national and regional joint training exercises,
visits to U.S. military command, attendance at U.S. military schools, and
U.S. military visits to Africa (for humanitarian relief training). U.S.
resources devoted to these activities should be restored from the present
level of $ 10 million to levels existing prior to 1990, which were approximately
$30 million. The overall cost of such activities is minimal compared to
the cost of responding to conflicts that are often exacerbated by unprofessional
armies.
Crisis Intervention Policy--The United States should encourage African
governments to discharge effectively the responsibilities of sovereignty
in good governments and conflict management. When conflict prevention and
management efforts are unsuccessful, major humanitarian crises can sometimes
ensue. In such situations, a vigorous international response is appropriate.
This is especially true when such crises threaten to degenerate into genocide.
International interventions, military or otherwise, will rarely succeed
without the forceful leadership of the United States in cooperation with
the international community, most often within the context of the UN. The
evolving African Conflict Response Initiative provides a mechanism through
which the United States can recommit itself to the exercise of such leadership.
Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Reconciliation--African countries emerging
from violent conflict face enormous challenges, such as demobilization,
demining, infrastructure repair, and restoration of governmental functions.
If reconstruction does not progress, conflict can easily return. The United
States and the international community must play a role in post-conflict
reconstruction. However, with the costs so substantial, it is difficult
for the United States to contribute to these needs without drawing from
resources previously allocated to, and needed and deserved by, stable countries
that are performing well. The United States should seriously consider separate
budgetary allocations for reconstruction of war-ravaged countries.
Transnational Security Issues--U.S. interests in curbing arms proliferation,
drug trafficking, international criminal activities, terrorism, the spread
of infectious disease, and environmental degradation are as significant
in Africa as they are in the rest of the world. The United States should
develop better sources of information and analysis on these problems as
a basis for enhanced cooperation with African governments, the OAU, and
subregional organizations in combating these threats to mutual security
interests.
LEADERSHIP INITIATIVES TO REINVIGORATE AFRICA POLICY
In recognition of Africa's dramatic political and economic transformation
and of Africa's growing importance to U.S. national interests, this American
Assembly calls for renewed and vigorous national leadership on U.S. - Africa
relations:
- President Clinton should travel to Africa to draw attention to Africa's
political and economic renewal, and to engage Africa's leaders on issues
of mutual concern, such as international trade, conflict prevention, and
peacekeeping.
- The president should also invite selected African leaders to participate
in a U.S.-Africa Partnership Summit to explore ways and means of strengthening
U.S. economic and political linkages.
- The president should take the opportunity of his chairmanship of the
G-7 Summit meeting in Denver in June 1997 to announce the creation of the
African Partnership Fund as part of a comprehensive U.S. trade and investment
initiative for Africa. In addition, the G-7 countries should be encouraged
to take coordinated action to facilitate Africa's full and equitable participation
in the global economy.
- Government agencies responsible for trade and investment must mobilize
to take advantage of Africa's dramatically improved economic environment
In particular, the growing complexity of U.S.-Africa trade relations requires
the appointment of an Assistant U.S. Trade Representative for Africa.
- The National Security Council should be tasked to coordinate Africa-related
policies, programs, and activities to ensure the effective implementation
of new initiatives launched by the president. This coordinated undertaking
should include, minimally, representatives from the Departments of State,
Defense, Commerce, and the Treasury, as well as USAID and the U.S. Trade
Representative's Office. The goal should be the development of a truly
holistic approach to the critical questions of U.S. Africa policy.
- The Congress must ensure that the State Department, USAID, and USIA
all retain adequate resources and personnel to be effective. The Department
of Defense is to be commended for restoring many of the defense attache
positions lost in recent years, but the trend of closing diplomatic posts
and sharply scaling back the number of countries in which the U.S. foreign
aid program operates is damaging. Assembly participants are mindful of
the crucial leadership role that Congress has played in changing the course
of U.S.-Africa relations at important junctures, e.g., the Comprehensive
Anti-Apartheid Act of 1996. Reinvigorated Congressional interest and leadership
on Africa now can and must make a real difference.
- Finally, Congress must continue current levels of development funding
for Africa, and should reduce programming restrictions to provide a more
flexible instrument for responding to the dynamic changes in Africa. These
programs are targeted at enhancing the capacity of Africa's low-income
countries to promote broad-based, poverty-reducing, and private sector-led
development strategies. In addition, Congress must lend its authority and
financial support to the African Partnership Fund.
In recommending more vigorous and visible U.S. leadership for enhanced
American engagement in Africa, the participants in this American Assembly
have not lost sight of the ultimate responsibility that Africans themselves
have in the shaping of their continent's future. With the best will in
the world, the United States and other international partners cannot create
development or democracy in Africa. Only Africans can make this happen.
The good news is that new leadership, determined to bring about meaningful
change, has emerged in a majority of African countries.
All Americans have an interest in helping to ensure the success of these
extraordinary reform efforts. The United States must send a clear message
to those African countries that have embarked on serious political and
economic transition that they can count on the sustained cooperation of
the United States in a mutually beneficial partnership.
PARTICIPANTS IN THE NINETIETH AMERICAN ASSEMBLY
See list on American Assembly web site: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/amassembly/
This material is being reposted for wider distribution by the Africa
Policy Information Center (APIC), the educational affiliate of the Washington
Office on Africa. APIC's primary objective is to widen the policy debate
in the United States around African issues and the U.S. role in Africa,
by concentrating on providing accessible policy-relevant information and
analysis usable by a wide range of groups and individuals.
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